In Journal of neural engineering ; h5-index 52.0
Mind-wandering is a mental phenomenon where the internal thought process disengages from the external environment periodically. In the current study, we trained EEG classifiers using convolutional neural networks (CNN) to track mind-wandering across studies. 
Approach: We transformed the input from raw EEG to band-frequency information (power), single-trial ERP (stERP) patterns, and connectivity matrices between channels (based on inter-site phase clustering, ISPC). We trained CNN models for each input type from each EEG channel as the input model for the meta-learner. To verify the generalizability, we used leave-N-participant-out cross-validations (N=6) and tested the meta-learner on the data from an independent study for across-study predictions.
Main results: The current results show limited generalizability across participants and tasks. Nevertheless, our meta-learner trained with the stERPs performed the best among the state-of-the-art neural networks. The mapping of each input model to the output of the meta-learner indicates the importance of each EEG channel.
Significance: Our study makes the first attempt to train study-independent mind-wandering classifiers. The results indicate that this remains challenging. The stacking neural network design we used allows an easy inspection of channel importance and feature maps. 
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Jin Christina Yi, Borst Jelmer P, van Vugt Marieke
2023-Mar-21
EEG, classifier, convolutional neural network, generalizability, machine learning, meta-learner, mind-wandering
